연구 요약
연구 요지 (AI)
서울의 협동주택 제도와 다세대·다가구주택 제도의 관계 및 건축적 특징을 분석했다.
초록
This study analyzes the Institutional Trajectory and Residential Significance of Hyeop-dong Housing in Seoul during the 1970s and 1980s and to explore its significance within the historical context of residential housing in Seoul. For this purpose, the study chronologically analyzes the process from the introduction, implementation, and eventual abolition of Hyeop-dong Housing, based on the Enforcement Ordinance on Housing Improvement Redevelopment Projects of the Seoul Metropolitan Government, which was enacted on July 1, 1974, and repealed on May 7, 1988. In addition, this study chronologically analyzes the process from its introduction to implementation and eventual abolition.
Through this analysis, the study identifies the institutional achievements of the system and examines its architectural characteristics and its relationship with the later development of multi-household and multi-unit housing systems. The full-scale redevelopment of substandard housing began with the enactment of the Act on Temporary Measures for the Promotion of Housing Improvement on March 5, 1973, which had been initiated based on the proposal of the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The first redevelopment method under this act was self-reliant redevelopment, in which the public sector established infrastructure and prepared housing sites, and residents constructed their own homes.
The Seoul Metropolitan Government planned an ideal model for redeveloping deteriorated housing areas throughout the city with minimal public financial burden, by selling national and public land—granted free of charge—to the occupants at low cost and using the proceeds for infrastructure and site development. To address the issue of land shortage caused by securing infrastructure land, instead of constructing detached houses on individual lots, the city formulated a strategy under the Ordinance on Housing Improvement Redevelopment Projects to form one Hyeop-dong unit with four households based on their occupied land, merge the lots into one, and sell the consolidated parcel to them.
These residents were then encouraged to construct high-density, three-dimensional cooperative housing on the merged site. This was a strategy for residential verticalization and densification aimed at utilizing limited land efficiently. The architectural features of Hyeop-dong Housing can be identified through the standard design plans prepared and distributed by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Considering the unique nature of the project that required residents to construct their homes independently, the houses were designed as low-rise buildings not exceeding two floors used for residential purposes. To prevent overcrowding, no more than two units were placed per floor.
Spatially, the layout was based on an active three-dimensional strategy by vertically and horizontally connecting units to increase density and utilize limited land effectively. Floor plans centered on the living room with 2-bay or 3-bay configurations. Additionally, narrow balconies installed in front of each unit were planned as spatial alternatives to compensate for the loss of ground-level contact caused by vertical construction. With public support for infrastructure such as water and sewage, modern kitchen facilities, heating systems, flush toilets, sinks, and integrated bathrooms were also included.
After the full-scale implementation of Hyeop-dong housing construction and the resident-led redevelopment project, positive responses emerged due to road improvements and better residential environments. However, financial constraints among residents hindered the smooth progress of the projects. In 1983, a new joint redevelopment model was introduced to significantly reduce residents’ construction costs, leading to the abolition of the Hyeop-dong housing system by the late 1980s as most projects reached completion. As a result, Hyeop-dong housing has long remained overlooked, but this study identifies its institutional and historical significance as follows.
First, the architectural concept of Hyeop-dong housing embodied a strategy of verticalization and densification to utilize limited land efficiently. It represented a novel policy attempt that incorporated the national Saemaul Undong movement's spirit of self-help and cooperation into housing improvement strategies by encouraging residents to form communal living units. In addition, although Hyeop-dong housing functioned as a form of multi-unit housing, it was regulated under standards for single-family dwellings. This hybrid legal status gave rise to an intermediate form that was later inherited by multi-household and multi-unit housing systems institutionalized in the mid-1980s.
These systems were introduced as relaxed regulatory alternatives for low-income residents, allowing construction on small plots originally designated for single-family housing. Thus, Hyeop-dong housing holds significance as a pioneering model initiated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government before such typologies were formally recognized through amendments to the national building codes. Furthermore, in extremely poor housing areas, the resident-led, small-scale collective construction method seen in Hyeop-dong housing still serves as a viable approach, with multi-household and multi-unit housing inheriting and diversifying its functions.
Since their institutionalization, multi-household and multi-unit housing types have become dominant in low-rise residential zones by increasing density in existing detached housing areas. However, deregulation aimed at accelerating housing supply has led to overbuilt neighborhoods and deteriorated living conditions. These issues echo earlier stages when excessive relaxation of building standards—such as insufficient spacing between buildings—resulted in the complete demolition of many Hyeop-dong housing units through subsequent redevelopment projects. 본 연구의 목적은 1970~80년대 서울시 협동주택의 성과를 확인하고 주거사의 맥락에서 갖는 의의를 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해
발행 정보
2025. 서울대학교 대학원 국내석사 학위논문