한국·북한·중국의 경제특구 비교연구 : 인천·개성·심천 공업지구를 중심으로

한국·북한·중국 경제특구와 공업지구를 비교했다.

Nowadays, most of the countries in the world are creating a special economic zone or an equivalent to the level of special economic zone or area in order to induce foreign capital and technology, With the success of the special economic zones of China, not only the developing countries, but also the developed countries have established many special economic zones. In this international economic trends, South Korea, north Korea and China also have established special economic zones in their own territories in order to develop and enliven their domestic economies.

This thesis chooses Incheon free economic zone (South Korea), Kaesong industrial economic zone (North Korera) and Shenzhen special economic zone (China) of the three countries, and analyzes the present situation, performance and the policies of the three economic zones of three countries. Then this thesis suggests the policy measures obtained from the experiences and the performance of Shenzhen special economic zone for the sustainable development of the special economic zones. The problems of Incheon free economic zone, Kaesong industrial economic zone, and Shenzhen special economic zone are as follows : First, the problem of Incheon free economic zone : 1) Financing problem.

Even though the development of free economic zone needs huge amounts of funds, the government's ability to supply the funds is limited. Thus it is difficult to develop Incheon free economic zone. 2) The incomplete support system. In order to help Incheon free economic zone to develop, the government should recognize the development of Incheon free economic zone as a national survival strategy, and arrange the related laws and support systems for the development of Incheon free economic zone. But because of the various restrictions of the Seoul-Kyonggi Metropolitan Regional Planning Law, it is difficult to induce domestic and overseas capital to construct the logistic infrastructures.

3) Complicated legal procedures. Because of the time consuming and complicated legal procedures, inducing foreign capital is more difficult. And educational and medical facilities and other living environments are not sufficient for inducing the foreign capital. Second, the problem of Kaesong industrial economic zone : 1) Problem of customs clearance, communication and traffic. Because of the time limitations on passage, it is difficult to perform the free business activities. And the communication and the decision making is slow and ineffective because the only permitted method of communication is wired telephone and fax.

And the complicated provisions and procedures of the customs clearance increase unnecessary economic expenses and time. 2) Problem of the origin authentication. Nowadays the United States, Japan, EU and other countries and regions give a different treatment to the North Korean products. It makes a big difference between the tariffs levied on the North Korean products and the products from other countries. The products of the South Korean enterprises in Kaesong industrial economic zone are treated not as the South Korean ones but as the North Korean ones. 3) Problem of labor management.

Due to the labor employment and salary payment systems peculiar to North Korea, managers can't stimulate the work enthusiasm of the employees, and thus can’t improve the productivities of the employees. Thirdly, The problem of Shenzhen special economic zone : 1) Independent innovation deficiency. Shenzhen special economic zone is employing mainly the large amounts of labor and raw materials instead of capital in the labor-intensive industries. This kind of development has not led the enterprises to develop an ability to create an independent core technical progress.

The policy measures as the solutions to the above problems can be summarized as follows : First, Incheon economic free zone : 1) The government needs to expand financial supports according to the performance of the inducement of foreign capital, the policies and the reform progress, and thus to raise the efficiency of the support. The government also needs to terminate the capital support to the enterprises that cannot produce the benefit for the economic zone. 2) Improvement of the system for the inducement of foreign investment is necessary. The limitations on the foreign capital investment should be modified for the investing foreign enterprises.

And the scope of the corresponding tax cuts should be expanded. 3) Efficient administrative operation system should be established. A unified administrative management that can be used conveniently by the foreign enterprises is necessary. Second, Kaesong industrial economic zone : 1) Communication and passage should be made available for 24 hours a day. For the convenient customs clearance, authentication procedure should be simplified. 2) In order to improve the labor productivity, the enterprises should be allowed to employ and pay the employees according to their abilities and productivities.

The enterprises should be also allowed to employ the employees for themselves without assistance or supervision from the North Korean labor agencies, and to provide labor training based on market economy incentive system. Thirdly, Shenzhen special economic zone : 1) Improvement in the ability of independent innovation is necessary. In the most advanced and emerging industries, the government should provide all the supports, protection, and rewards. The enterprise should cooperate with universities and scientific research institutions according to the government policies. 2) Industrial adjustment should be promoted.

In order to promote industrial adjustment, the economic zone should strengthen and develop the potential of the tertiary industry such as finance and logistics. 3) Health care, education, living environment, and social culture construction should be promoted. Medical Insurance should be strengthened for the better treatment of citizen. In the educational aspects, the e