자족도시 개발의 발전방안에 관한 연구 : 송도국제도시를 중심으로

송도국제도시를 중심으로 자족도시 개발의 발전방안을 연구했다.

The original plan for constructing the New Cities in the Seoul Metropolitan area had the prospect to build self-sufficient cities. However, most of the New cities could not develop as self-sustainable cities since they had their economic bases in Seoul. Most of these cities play the role of bed cities supporting the functions of Seoul, the center of metropolitan area. Particularly, Ilsan New City and Bundang New City does not have enough space to accommodate industrial facilities that can promote the self-sufficiency by creating jobs in these cities.

This weakness in self-sufficiency is further exacerbated in the other New cities such as Pyungchon, Jungdong and Sanbon Consequently, metropolitan traffic problems gets worsening everyday and the social cost caused by environmental degradation is increasing seriously. Songdo International City which has been designated as the Free Economic Zone in 2003 is also aiming to develop as a self-sustainable city. But, it is still uncertain whether it is in the process of becoming a self-sustainable city since it means a city that has the continuing growth potential and vitality by securing proper economic activities and urban infra-structures.

As a whole, self-sustainability can be accessed in the aspect of economic activities, infra-structures and the environment and enough employment, convenient life and pleasurable environment are needed to suffice it. Nevertheless, Songdo International City has not been built to meet these needs since it lacks seriously the urban infra-structures and convenient facilities to become a self-sufficient city. Furthermore, the most badly needed foreign investment is not going well as was scheduled. The cases of the New Cities in the foreign countries demonstrate that they are built to suffice the need to meet the demand of housing, economic activities and culture in the same place.

After 1970's they also introduced the concept of urban regeneration and developed multiple complex residential areas which are integrated with business activities. As such, the concept and approaches to developing new cities is changing nowadays. La Defence, Dockland, Milton, Queens, and Leston are examples of these new cities that reflect this changing new concept. Thus, this study aims to propose some advices for the Songdo New City to develop as a self-sufficient international city drawing good references from the foreign cases.

At first, the self-sufficiency of the new city should be enhanced by specializing in developing a new and advanced industry and also building urban infra-structures. To acquire the self-sufficiency as an international city, high-tech industries, commerce and residential areas should be well mixed to provide jobs in the city area by minimizing the number of commuters to seek job in the other cities. Secondly, to become a self-sufficient city, Songdo New City has to be equipped with enough convenient facilities.

To become a genuine self-sufficient city, education, culture, medical facilities, and shopping centers such as department stores should be provided in the proper level to meet the need of the city. Accordingly, active investment inducement is needed to create such an environment. Up to this time, Sondo new city does not have even the basic infrastructures such as general hospitals, big-scale shopping malls and educational facilities. The major reason of this delay in the provision of these basic facilities lies in the lack of money to be invested in this project.

To improve this situation, it is recommendable to allow higher floor-area ratio for the developers to get more incentive and the developers to pay some of the benefit for building public facilities. At third, highly esteemed domestic and foreign educational facilities should be invited in the Songdo new city to enhance the educational competitiveness that are essential to advance as a new city.

To advance as a knowledge-based city, education and training in the city area, formation of information networks, technical development which connects the industry, universities, research center and the governments and the enhancement of learning in the business are very important tasks for the city development. Hence, the attraction of educational facilities is a very essential task and also is very attractive incentive to induce more population as a new city. At last, active support of the central government in the aspect of national strategy is required.

To advance as an international city, the national government should be fully involved to cover up the much needed financial support which the Incheon city alone cannot suffice. After all, the Songdo New City should be exempt from the application of the much debated Metropolitan Regulation Act. Like Singapore and Shanghai, China, various acts and regulations should be relaxed in this area to attract the much needed foreign investment. 우리나라 수도권 신도시들의 당초 계획은 자족도시를 목표로 건설을 추진하였다. 그러나 경제활동의 기반을 서울에 두어서 자족도시로 성장하지 못하였다. 이들 대부분 도시들은 중심도시인 서울의 기능을 보조하는 침상도시의 역할을 하고 있다. 특히, 일산이나 분당의 경우는 공업시설 등 자족기능을 제고할 만한 시설의 입지가 불가능하여 고용창출이 어려운 실정이며, 수도권 신도시인 평촌, 중동, 산본 신도시 경우에는 자족성이 더욱 약하다고 볼 수 있다.

이에 따라 수도권의 교통문제는 더욱 악화되었고 환경문제와 사회적 비용의 증가문제도 심각하다. 2003년 경제자유구역으로 지정된 송도국제도시도 수도권의 신도시와 마찬가지로 자족도시로 개발을 추진하고 있다. 그러나 자족도시 기능을 갖춰 나아가고 있는지는 현재로서는 불투명하다. 자족도시란 인구규모에 어울리는 적절한 경제활동과 도시기반시설을 확보함으로써 지속적인 성장잠재력과 활력을 갖춘 도시를 말하기 때문이다. 또한 자족성은 크게 경제활동, 기반시설, 환경적 측면에서 접근할 수 있으며, 이러한 기반위에 충분한 고용, 편리한 생활, 쾌적한 환경들이 균형적으로 갖추어져야 하기 때문이다. 그러나 현재 송도국제도시는 이러한 기능의 도시형태로 건설되어야 함에도 불구하고 자족도시로서 갖추어야 할 각종 도시기반시설과 생활편익시설 등이 매우 열악한 실정이다. 더군다나 가장 중요시 하고 있는 외국인 투자유치까지 계획대로 추진되지 않고 있다. 사례를 살펴 볼 때, 외국의 신도시들은 주거, 경제, 문화 등 도시의 제반활동이 그 도시 내에서 해결될 수 있는 자립적인 지역사회의 형태로 건설되었고, 1970년대 이후는 도시재생의 개념이 도입되어 기존 도시 내에 주거와 업무 및 사업기능이 연결된 복합단지 개발의 유형이 나타나는 등 시대적 상황과 환경변화에 따라 신도시 개발에 대한 개념과 접근방법이 변화하고 있다.

라데팡스, 도크랜드, 밀턴 킨즈, 레스턴 등 외국의 신도시는 이러한 개념의 변화를 반영한 사례라 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 송도국제도시가 당초 계획대로 자족성을 가진 국제도시로 개발되는데 필요한 방안들을 수도권 신도시와 외국의 신도시 사례를 통해 다음과 같은 과제들을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째로는 도시기반