BRT를 위한 TOD模型 定立 硏究

BRT와 대중교통 중심 개발(TOD)의 계획 모형을 정립하고자 했다.

The metro transit networks have been established in the Seoul Metropolitan Area since the 1970s, on the progress of construction and expansion of heavy rail transit. However, the local governments and operators have been struggled with operating deficit due to an enormous amount of construction costs from the beginning; many difficulties in obtaining additional heavy rail transit are being expected in the future. On the basis of this current situation, a new transportation means, BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) has been introduced in Korea.

BRT is a new transportation system that has low-cost and high efficiency like the level of the heavy rail transit, through improvements to transit speed, scheduling, transport capacity, and the horizontal way of getting into and out of vehicles, and so on. The Korean government has tried to improve the public transportation service quality and its use-revitalization so far, however, geographical separation between the work place and habitation site and geographical differentiation of social stratum have been on the rise.

Therefore, the necessity of the TOD (Transit Oriented Development) is highly increasing, which revitalizes the public transportation use, and reduces the urban expansion through high-density multi-land use, the pedestrian friendly street network and urban design pattern in the public transit center such as the major bus or railway stations based on the theory of relationship between the land use and the traffic. In terms of the public transit operating system by each type, the heavy rail transit is operated in the urban/suburban areas centering on the metropolitan bus transit center, and BRT has specialized mass transit systems for the metropolitan linkage or bus transit axis.

In spite of quite many theories announced on the Neighborhood Unit, there is still lack of actual precedent to divide the life zone based on the public transit system. Therefore, the classification of the life zone centering on the public transit will be analyzed in this thesis. The public transits such as the heavy rail transit or BRT have their operating systems.

Considering their respective functions and roles that they have to take charge of the level composition of the neighborhood unit, the TOD type can be divided into the urban or neighborhood unit TOD for the heavy rail transit, and BRT can be referred to the urban or neighborhood unit or neighborhood district TOD with a scale of neighborhood unit or neighborhood district. The BRT-TOD model could be suitable for Korea is following. However, the BRT-TOD model built based on the BRT would be difficult to apply to the virtual situation, therefore, a few derived problems caused by it and the proper policy proposal will be showed below.

First¸ of the provision 51 of the present land planning and use law, a part of the district unit planning zone should be revised in more detailed as: to allow the public transit center surrounding area or the railway station zone to be selected as the district unit planning zone. Moreover, the special law for the rearrangement promotion of urban area needs to be more specifically amended as the traffic management, the demand forecasting, the public transit & green transit use promotion and so on. Second, introducing the multifunctional district unit system based on the land planning law that is on the high lever can be considered for the systematic urban space management.

It can be adopted to Korea just as the U.S. has taken the overlay zoning system, which is useful for managing necessary spots within certain bounds (altering not much), overlapping the existing functional district unit system. In the Japanese case, they have been operating special district units within the fictional district unit, revising the urban planning law since 2000. Third, the public transit center that would be a target of TOD should be developed in terms of intensive urban infrastructure due to the limits of the existing land use and development. The areas that need to be rearranged based on the certain rule or guideline type should be selected as the intensive urban planning zone.

In addition, the intensive urban planning zone has to be allowed for a single united development including the underground, ground, and the air for a plan establishment, development, and land use. TOD should be clearly defined as well. Fourth, rather than simply/temporarily planning the public transit centered development considering local features, a comprehensive planning for a long term is more important, needing the responsible division or department for the public transit centered TOD. Furthermore, a specialized organization for simplifying administrative process, analyzing the relevant regulations, and arbitrating the interested parties will be necessary.

Besides, making consistent and united guideline for the TOD adoption and promotion should be conducted and in-depth research on the promotion system building and implementation method is necessary. Moreover, in-depth study on receiving the development profit and the application method should be important. 1970년대부터 수도권에 지하철망이 구축되기 시작한 이후로 중량전철의 건설 및 확충이 진행되고 있지만 지방자치단체와 운영 주체들은 사업 초기의 막대한 건설비용 부담으로 인한 운영적자에 시달리고 있기 때문에, 앞으로 중량전철의 추가도입은 많은 어려움이 예상된다. 이러한 배경 하에 신교통수단인 BRT(간선급행버스체계)가 국내에 도입되기 시작하였다. BRT는 버스에 철도운영 개념을 도입하여 통행속도, 정시성, 수송능력, 수평승하차 등 버스 서비스를 중량전철 수준으로 대폭 향상 시킨 저비용 고효율의 신교통수단이다. 그 동안 정부는 대중교통의 서비스개선과 대중교통이용의 활성화를 지속적으로 추진하고 있으나, 직장과 주거의 지리적 분리 및 사회 계층 간의 지리적 분화의 문제 등이 대두되고 있다.

따라서 토지이용과 교통의 연계이론에 입각하여 주요 버스정류장 및 철도역과 같은 대중교통 결절 점에서 고밀도의 복합적 토지이용과 보행친화적인 가로망 및 도시설계 패턴을 유도하여 도시 확산을 억제하고 대중교통이용을 활성화시키는데 방안 즉, 대중교통지향형 도시개발(Transit Oriented Development, TOD)의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 대중교통 수단별 운행형태를 보면 중량전철은 대도시 간선교통축을 중심으로 도심 및 부도심등 도시중심부 운행을 담당하고 있고, BRT는 대도시 연계 및 대도시 간선축을 중심으로 운행토록 하는 등 대중교통수단 별로 각각의 대중교통 위계를 갖고 있다. 그러나 근린생활권에 대한 이론은 많지만 실제로 대중교통수단 위계에 따라 생활권을 구분한 사례가 없으므로 대중교통 중심의 생활권 구분을 다음과 같이 분석하였다. 대중교통 수단별 운행형태를 보면 중량전철, BRT등 대중교통수단별로 각각의 대중 교통 위계를 갖고 있어, 근린생활권의 위계구성을 놓고 각