포스트모더니즘 도시개발이론의 적용과 평가 : 인천시 송도지구와 연수지구를 중심으로

송도·연수지구 사례로 새로운 도시개발이론의 적용성과 정책 방향을 평가했다.

<Abstract> This thesis is focused on evaluating new paradigm urban development theories such as New Urbanism or Compact City, which have been formed in recent years. Looking at the extent of their present compatibility and reality, and suggesting policy directions in the future of urban development, this study was conducted through theoretical research, case studies, site investigations, and questionnaire surveys. Theoretical research drew the common intentions and were applied to the case study of this thesis through examining the background, changing process, basic principles, and the means of practicing of each theory.

The case study of this thesis was focused on Songdo and Yeonsu Areas, located in Incheon. Urban development plans, urban phenomena, consciousness and viewpoints of local residents, and the civil servants of Incheon were analyzed in the five categories of space, neighborhood, environment, transportation, and scene drawn from theoretical research. Space is composed of land use and self-sufficiency as super ordinate variables followed by four subordinate variables of compact development, mixed-use development, job-housing balance, and pedestrian friendliness.

In the case of the Songdo Area, there is high adaptability with three subordinate variables of the new urban development paradigm excluding the pedestrian friendliness, while for the Yeonsu Area, compact development and pedestrian friendliness disclosed high adaptability, but low adaptability was found in the mixed-use development and job-housing balance. Neighborhood was analyzed according to community and convenience as its variables and the community was evaluated to be a substantial problem in establishing the relations of neighborhood life in the above two Areas.

As for the convenience of neighborhood life, inconveniences may be brought to neighborhood life of the local residents because of little neighborhood land use allocation compare with whole area. Public neighborhood facilities and convenience facilities for daily life in the areas were highly esteemed by the local residents and public employees, but the extent of utilization of such facilities by the residents was found to be insufficient.

In the field of transportation, accessibility and TOD (Transit Oriented Development) were major subordinate variables of analysis, and commercial buses and subways served as a critical role in public transportation for the residents awarded high grades in their traffic accessibility survey. TOD is a concept closely related to the urban development that is connected to transportation. Bike paths or sidewalks, however, have a similar concept with TOD, which can be a useful means to absorb short distance traffic demands and promote public transportation usage.

Environment is linked with the sustainable concept of urban areas and it is one of the core elements to determine the dwelling environment in the areas. This thesis analyzed open spaces around the parks and green fields with environment and ecology as its subordinates. Open spaces such as parks and green fields were investigated to have high grade in the two areas and their adaptability with the new paradigm was judged to be rather high but the Yeonsu Area was quite vulnerable in environment and ecology.

Analysis on the Urban Scene is made through subordinates such as urban image and local identity, and the two areas reveal their limitations in their lack of non-physical elements like cultural aspects by concentrating on physical aspects of city images focused on urban scenery. The majority of the residents' answers to the urban image survey were that the Songdo Area is pleasant, beautiful, safe, and convenient, while the Yeonsu Area is convenient, pleasant, vivid, and safe. Those dwelling in the Areas were found to have high consciousness of settlement in their place, coupled with a good sense of belonging.

The case study of this thesis revealed that the Songdo Area has high adaptability with the new paradigms as a whole but the Yeonsu Area is still confined to the limits of modern urban development due to the situational background given at the time of urban development. As stated above, the following concepts that the new paradigm encompasses can be made as useful grounds to achieve better urban development; high density mixed-use development, development emphasizing public transportation, vitalization of neighborhood and community, a harmonized dwelling environment of human and nature, establishing urban amenity and local identity.

<국문초록> 본 논문은 최근 뉴어바니즘(New Urbanism), 압축도시(Compact City) 등 새로운 도시개발 패러다임이 형성되면서 이러한 패러다임에 속하는 도시개발 이론들의 현실 적용여부와 정합성 정도, 그리고 향후 도시개발에 있어서의 적실성을 평가하고 정책방향을 제시하는데 초점을 두고 있다. 본 논문은 이론연구와 사례연구, 현장조사 및 설문조사로 진행되었다. 이론연구에서는 각 이론들의 대두배경과 변화과정, 기본원칙과 실천수단의 규명을 통해 공통적인 지향성을 도출하고 이를 변수화하여 사례연구에 적용하였다. 사례연구는 인천시의 송도지구와 연수지구를 대상으로 하였으며, 이론연구에서 도출한 공간, 근린, 환경, 교통, 신(Scene)의 5개 범주별로 개발계획과 도시현상, 지역주민과 공무원들의 의식 및 관점 등을 중심으로 분석을 진행하였다. 공간분야는 토지이용과 자족성을 상위변수로 하여 압축개발, 복합용도개발, 직주근접, 보행자중심의 4개 하위변수를 중심으로 분석하였다. 송도지구의 경우 보행자중심을 제외한 3개의 하위변수에서 새로운 도시개발 패러다임과 정합성이 높은 것으로 분석되었으며, 연수지구는 압축개발과 보행자중심은 정합성이 높은 것으로 나타난 반면, 복합용도개발과 직주근접에 있어서 정합성이 떨어지는 것으로 분석되었다.

근린은 커뮤니티와 편리성을 하위변수로 하여 분석하였으며, 커뮤니티의 경우 두 지역 모두 근린생활관계의 형성에 상당한 문제를 가지고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 근린생활의 편리성과 관련하여서는 전체면적에 비해 근린생활 시설용지가 너무 작게 배정됨으로써 지역주민들의 근린생활에 있어서 불편을 초래할 가능성이 있는 것으로 분석되었고, 공공근린생활시설이나 생활편의시설에 대해서는 지역주민이나 공무원들로부터 좋은 평가를 받고 있는 것으로 나타났으나 이용실태에 있어서는 문제가 있는 것으로 평가되고 있다. 교통분야에 있어서는 접근성과 TOD(Transit Oriented Development)를 하위변수로 하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 지역 주민들의 대중교통수단으로 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 버스나 지하철의 경우 지역주민들의 평가와 교통접근성에서 좋은 평가를 받고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. TOD는 교통과 도시개발을 연계한 개념으로 두 지역에서 직접적인 근거는 찾아볼 수 없었으나, 자전거전용도로나 보행자전용도로는 TOD와 유사한 개념으로서 근거리 교통수요의 흡수와 대중교통 이용을 증진시킬 수 있는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있다. 환경분야는 도시의 지속성개념과도 연결되는 부문으로서 도시의 주거환경을 결정짓는 핵심적인 요인이며, 본 논문에서는 공원·녹지를 중심으로 한 오픈스페이스와 환경·생태를 하위변수로 하여 분석하였다.

공원·녹지 등 오픈스페이스는 두 지역에서 모두 높은 평가를 받고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며, 새로운 패러다임과 정합성이 높은 것으로 판단되나, 연수지구는 환경·생태 면에서 상당히 취약한 것으로 분석되었다. 도시의 신(Scene)에 대한 분석은 하위변수인 도