도시공원 조성과정을 통해 본 지방정부의 여가공간 생산 기제 : 여가통치성 장치 개념을 바탕으로

도시공원 조성과정에서 지방정부의 여가공간 생산 기제를 연구했다.

Space for leisure is rapidly increasing in cities, especially after implementing local government systems. As a result, the local governments are actively promoting the policy of making these leisure spaces. This is different from the modern paradigm in which the public decides to use the land mainly for development purposes. Therefore, this study began with two questions: "Why?" and "by what processes can the post-modern local governments create?" This study aims to clarify the local governments' leisure space-producing mechanisms by examining these two questions.

In order to find the mechanism by which local governments construct leisure spaces, a theoretical framework that comprehensively explains the interaction between the internal and external environments and actors of the city, its social structures, and landscapes were needed. First, Foucault's governmentality theory was set as the first research hypothesis for the 'intention' of local governments to create space, assuming the intent of producing these spaces as conducting governmentality. In particular, this study coined a concept of' leisure-governmentality' to clarify the purpose of producing a 'leisure' space.

Second, based on the first assumption, the local government's 'space production' process was viewed as forming power-knowledge, discourse, and landscape, the 'dispositif' (device) for governmentality. Therefore, two questions were studied by analyzing the process of power-knowledge, discourse, and landscape formation, an analysis framework for this research. The urban parks created by the Seoul Metropolitan Government were the subject of analysis. The literature review confirmed that urban parks were created as a dispositif for the governing people for governmentality through post-modern leisure society.

In addition, Seonyudo Park, an urban park in Seoul created after the implementation of the local government, and the Mapo Culturetank was created as a representative policy that can clarify the leisure space production mechanism of current local governments. For analysis and data, power-knowledge as an oral record transcribed through semi-structured in-depth interview, discourse analysis by web scraping of media articles and policy narrative methods for urban master planning documents, and landscape analysis by conducting a narrative through field visits and literature analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows.

First, the intention of the local government to produce leisure space was to carry out leisure-governmentality. The first leisure-governmentality exhibited by the elected mayor of the local government is creating leisure (space) to gain political support at home and abroad by exhibiting his political philosophy. Faced with a global trend to emphasize environmental preservation and an internal crisis within the city, the elected mayor and officials close to the mayor collaborated to shape Seonyudo Park. Accordingly, they put an environmentally friendly philosophy forward as representative policies to gain internal and external political support.

This represented environmental and ecological discourse, which was especially expressed through Seonyudo parks. In Mapo Culturetank, the elected mayor wanted to appeal his philosophy through this park both internally and externally to be re-elected in the next election. Thus, the mayor designed Mapo Culturetank to strengthen his political position by representing his philosophy to this urban park. The second leisure-governmentality is that leisure (space) is created to conveniently govern the internal and external environments of the neoliberal local government. Local governments have to achieve more diverse objectives to govern than those of the modern state.

Local governments must circulate and create resources within the urban area and maintain the city by solving internal and external political, economic, and socio-cultural problems. The economy is somewhat insecure compared to the modern state; thus, the local government must secure tax revenue and citizens from leaving. Moreover, to survive intercity competition, it is crucial to ensure an influx of population and capital increase from the outside, not going bankrupt. Consequently, it was found that local governments created discourses by doing sovereignty, autonomy, pastoring, and production and projected them into leisure (space) to execute governmentality.

Sovereignty, autonomy, pastoring, and production discourses have been formed to strengthen the legitimacy of the local government system of the time, to implement an evolved method of discipline that makes citizens feel that they are not being governed, to fulfill their duty to take care of the lives of the citizens to enlarge cities and prevent local governments from going bankrupt. Local governments in post-modern society especially exercise governmentality through leisure because leisure is an easy strategy to carry out the subject of neoliberalism of the principle of competition and self-governing.

Furthermore, leisure is a good strategy for surviving competition between cities, such as attracting external capital and human resources in the post-industrial and global markets. Meanwhile, it is effective for local governments to use leisure (space) to instill urban identity, strengthen the legitimacy of governing, and criticize the existing government system without coercing citizens. Second, the local government's leisure space creation process can be summarized as a process in which the power-knowledge association of the actors who make the urban park policies produce discourses, and the norms suggested by the discourses are shaped and practiced to the landscape.

In associating between power and knowledge, the negotiation process according to the coalition between actors and the power dynamics (collaboration, conflict, exclusion) appears. The elected mayor, the leading actor, gathers and unites specific experts who can strengthen the may